Drummer Freddie Kohlman was one of the more popular bandleaders in New Orleans in the 1950s. Born in the Crescent City in 1918, Kohlman had played with A. J. Piron, Joe Robichaux, Papa Celestin, and Sam Morgan before moving north in the 1930s. After working in Chicago and Detroit, he returned to New Orleans in 1941. In the early 1950s he began a long residency at Sid Davilla's Mardi Gras Lounge on Bourbon Street. Willie Humphrey joined the Kohlman band while it was based at Davilla's bar. The other members of the band at the time were Thomas Jefferson on trumpet, Wendell Eugene on trombone, Dave "Fat Man" Williams on piano, and Clement Tervalon, better known as a trombonist, on bass.
Kohlman's band played in an eclectic style, mixing elements of traditional New Orleans jazz, swing, modern jazz, and rhythm-and-blues. The band was popular with tourists, but not with purists. In his 1958 book The Collector's Jazz: Traditional and Swing, New York Times critic John Wilson said of the band:
Kohlman's band plays a strained extension of New Orleans music, strengthened on one had by such a valid veteran as clarinetist Willie Humphrey and as striking a newcomer as Thomas Jefferson, trumpet and vocalist, but diluted and cheapened by some of the more reprehensible hangovers from the swing period - the screaming trumpet, the tedious riff - plus the saloonkeeper who wants to play with the band. Quentin Batiste has some good piano interludes on Jazz in New Orleans, MGM 3493, but although the band frequently hits a swinging groove, it works in an aura of tastelessness.
Despite the critical misgivings, the Kohlman band proved to be quite successful at entertaining the tourists at the Mardi Gras Lounge. As Wilson indicated, clubowner Sid Davilla would sometimes sit in with the band on clarinet. Richard Allen, who met Willie during this period, says that Humphrey could be something of a clown on the bandstand, and at times would "maybe get a little drunk."
Freddie Kohlman band at the Mardi Gras Lounge |
The Jazz in New Orleans album Wilson refers to was one of the two live recordings of the Kohlman band to be made during Humphrey's tenure. After recording only once during the 1920s, a handful of times in the 1930s, and not at all during the 1940s, Willie's recording career exploded during the 1950s. He participated in at least ten recording sessions during this decade, and his recording schedule continued to expand exponentially over the next three decades.
Willie's first recording of the LP era came from a concert at Artisan Hall on December 14, 1952. Artisan Hal (commonly referred to locally as "Artesian Hall") was the site of an important 1945 recording session by trumpeter Wooden Joe Nicholas. The Kohlman group shared the bill with George Lewis and his Ragtime Band. The Decca record label subsequently issued a 10" LP featuring each band on one side.
The George Lewis side spotlights one of the strongest lineups of the Ragtime Band, with Willie's brother Percy on trumpet. Lewis and his musicians deliver strong, moving performances of traditional New Orleans material. The first of the Kohlman selections on side two comes as something of a shock after the sincere and affecting music of Lewis's band. "Salty Serenade" is a fast, frantic hurtle through "I Got Rhythm" changes. Trumpet Thomas Jefferson plays a brash solo and the leader helps himself to tow loud and frenzied drum solos. Perhaps we should be grateful that Willie is barely audible on this track.
Willie Humphrey at the Mardi Gras |
later accomplish on records. Willie has a couple of solos, and plays well, for the most part. But he is sometimes repetitive, leaves other ideas unfinished, and at times doesn't swing well. However, his clarinet tone is well recorded for the first time, giving listeners a taste of a clarinet timbre that is somehow piercing and warm at the same time - a tone that would become more individual and distinctive as the years passed.
Several weeks after the Artisan Hall concert, Willie and the rest of the Kohlman band were featured on national television. On Mardi Gras day, 1953, Kohlman's group played an hour of jazz during the CBS broadcast of the Comus parade. There is a somewhat mysterious, partial video (consisting of two takes of "When the Saints Go Marching In" with lots of cuts, plus a couple of other fragments) which may be derived from the raw tape of session - you can watch it here. In any case, this is probably the earliest video documentation of Willie Humphrey on the bandstand.
In May of the same year the band, now billed as Freddie Kohlman and His Mardi Gras Loungers, played a benefit concert for the Magnolia School for Handicapped Children. The performance took place in the Municipal Auditorium at the site of Congo Square, famous for the African drumming and dancing kept alive by enslaved New Orleanians before the Civil War. The concert was recorded my MGM and issued on 10" and 12" LPs. The 12-incher is the record described by John Wilson in the quote above.
By this time, trombonist Waldren "Frog" Joseph and pianist Quentin Batiste had replaced Wendell Eugene and Dave Williams. Although the band's eclectic approach is still likely to displease purists, Kohlman's band makes a better impression here. Humphrey, while still sounding uncomfortable times, plays some very nice solos, particularly on "Milenberg Joys" and on his first recorded crack at "Just a Closer Walk With Thee," which inspires a magnificent solo from the clarinetist. We also get Willie's first recording of the clarinet showpiece "High Society." Humphrey plays the traditional solo well - his articulation is a tribute to his grandfather's training. But he does sound a little breathless in spots, and it's interesting that Willie told Richard Allen that he didn't like to play the "High Society" solo.
There is another recording session (not listed in most discographies) by the Kohlman band that I believe Willie played on. The band, augmented by Sam Butera's tenor sax and vocals by Cousin Joe, made a rhythm-and-blues session for the Jubilee label in late 1953. The session produced a single, "Hole in the Ground" backed with "Easy Rockin'." Two more tunes were not issued until 1995. A clarinet is audible in the ensembles, and it sounds like Willie's distinctive tone, particularly on "Ramblin' Woman," where the clarinet is well-recorded. Unfortunately, there are no clarinet solos. But it is interesting to hear Humphrey contributing to an R & B session, as so many New Orleans jazz musicians have done.
Around that same time Humphrey began his next major musical association as part of Paul Barbarin's band. Barbarin was born in 1901 into a music New Orleans family as distinguished as Willie's own family. Paul's father, Isidore Barbarin, was a highly respected brass player; he played alto horn with the Onward Brass Band for many years, beginning in the late 19th century. All of Isidore's four sons became musicians; Paul and Louis, both drummers, are the most well-known. Guitarist/banjoist Danny Barker was Isidore's grandson, and Isidore's great-grandson Lucien was one of the busiest trombone players in New Orleans until his death in 2020.
Paul Barbarin had a long and fruitful career in music. After leaving New Orleans in 1917 he played with numerous bands, but his most well-known alliances were with King Oliver, Luis Russell, and Louis Armstrong. Barbarin occasionally returned to New Orleans for brief periods, but he came band to stay in August, 1953, and quickly set about forming his own band.
The most well-known version of the Barbarin band included Willie's former student John Brunious on trumpet, Bob Thomas on trombone, Willie on clarinet, pianist Lester Santiago, and Paul's nephew Danny Barker on banjo. This group toured and recorded frequently, giving Willie's reputation a boost. Humphrey participated in five studio recording sessions with Barbarin's band as well as recording live with the group, so record buyers had more chances that ever to take notice of his talents.
In 1954 this lineup of the band traveled to New York for a residency at Child's Restaurant. While in the city the group recorded two LPs, one for the Jazztone label and one for Atlantic. The Jazztone session has a few elements of crowd-pleasing Dixieland, but Humphrey plays very well, offering one well-shaped, exciting solo after another as well as maintaining a high standard in the ensemble passages. His solo on "Careless Love" shows off his lovely and unique low-register sound (although Willie and Danny Barker disagree on the harmony here and there), while his other solos use the full range of the clarinet quite strikingly. To select one of Willie's performances from the album as outstanding would be almost arbitrary, but his solo on "First Choice" is noteworthy. Humphrey never strays too far from the melody, but the solo is interspersed with attractive embellishments, including one particularly felicitous leap from the lower register into the upper.
The Jazztone album also marks Willie's recorded singing debut: his pleasant tenor voice is featuring on "Little Liza Jane." This song would become a regular feature of his performances, and he would record it several more times during his career.
Barbarin's Atlantic album is discussed here in a previous post. That post also has links to all the tracks on that album.
In March, 1956, the Barbarin band also traveled to Oxford, Ohio at the behest of the Miami Folklore Group of the Miami University English Department. Since 1952 this organization had been bringing the George Lewis band up from New Orlens for periodic concerts, which were recorded for documentary purposes. Barbarin's group, now with Ricard Alexis on bass, played two concerts at Wilminton College, one in the afternoon and one in the evening. Like the George Lewis appearances, these concerts were recorded and can now be heard on the American Music label.
Back in New Orleans, there were more gigs and recording sessions, often for the Southland label. Willie recorded often with Paul Barbarin, but also with veteran jazz guitarist/banjoist Johnny St. Cyr.
At some point during the 1950s, Humphrey began gigging with the mighty Eureka Brass Band, which was led by his brother Percy. According to Richard Allen, Willie first played alto saxophone with that great street band before switching to clarinet. In the 1960s he would record with the Eureka; more on that later and in this previous post.
I'll end this post with Humphrey's words about Paul Barbarin. He told Charlie DeVore in 1982:
He tried to back me up .He was one of the few drummers I know - not that the others couldn't do it - but he would try to back you up and he'd give me what I wanted. He did the same for Louis (Armstrong). His style coincided with what Louis liked. He had a very simple New Orleans beat that musicians always had down there and that's what I liked.
Willie told William Carter that Barbarin's showmanship contributed to the success of the band:
Paul would sell. I been knowin' him since way back in 1918. And after he was doin' his solos - that's what Louis Armstrong used to like about him - Louis would get up there, singin' "Dat, dat, dee-dee, dah," and Paul be right there with him. He's try to push him with them drums. And he'd be smilin' and the people out there be eatin' it up.
Sources:
Kernfield, Berry (ed.): The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz; St. Martins Press, 1988
Wilson, John S.: The Collector's Jazz: Traditional and Swing; J. B. Lippincott Co., 1958
Interviews with Richard Allen, New Orleans, April 3 & May 28, 2001
Delaney, Joe: liner notes to New Orleans Jazz Concert, Decca DL 5483, 1953
Chilton, John: Who's Who of Jazz, Time-Life, 1978
DeVore, Charlie: "Talking with Willie," Mississippi Rag, June, 1982
Carter, William, Preservation Hall, W. W. Norton, 1991
Hoefer, George: liner notes to Paul Barbarin and His New Orleans Jazz, Atlantic 1215, 1955
Lee, Raymond: New Orleans Clarinet: A Discography of Willie Humphrey, Gerard Bielderman, 1996